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A new solid-state microelectrode for measuring intracellular chloride activities.

W M Armstrong, W Wojtkowski, W R Bixenman

    Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
    |February 14, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary
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    New solid-state microelectrodes accurately measure intracellular chloride activity (alphaiCl). These electrodes demonstrate rapid, stable responses, revealing chloride levels exceed equilibrium in frog muscle and bullfrog intestine cells.

    Area of Science:

    • Biophysics
    • Cell Physiology
    • Electrochemistry

    Background:

    • Accurate measurement of intracellular chloride activity (alphaiCl) is crucial for understanding cell function.
    • Existing methods for measuring alphaiCl can be limited by response time, stability, or interference.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and characterize novel solid-state microelectrodes for reliable measurement of intracellular chloride activity (alphaiCl).
    • To assess the performance and stability of these microelectrodes.
    • To measure alphaiCl in specific cell types using the developed microelectrodes.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of solid-state microelectrodes by sealing silver-coated glass capillaries within glass shields.
    • Characterization of electrode performance, including slope, tip resistance, response time, and stability.

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  • In vitro measurement of alphaiCl in frog sartorius muscle fibers and bullfrog small intestine epithelial cells.

    • Main Results:

    • Microelectrodes exhibited an average slope of 55.0 mV per decade change in alphaCl and high tip resistance (7.71 x 10^10 omega).
    • Electrode response was rapid (10-20 s), stable over 24 hours, and unaffected by common biological molecules.
    • Intracellular chloride activity in both frog muscle and bullfrog intestine cells was found to be significantly higher than predicted by equilibrium distribution.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed solid-state microelectrodes provide a robust and sensitive tool for measuring intracellular chloride activity.
    • The findings indicate active transport mechanisms maintain a non-equilibrium chloride distribution across the cell membranes in the studied tissues.
    • These microelectrodes have significant potential for advancing research in cellular ion transport and physiology.