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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

71.3K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
71.3K
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

1.4K
In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
1.4K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

1.4K
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
1.4K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

3.8K
Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...
3.8K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.6K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.6K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.5K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.5K

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A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent
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A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent

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Anion-enhanced solvophobic effects in organic solvent.

Josef M Maier1, Ping Li, Jackson S Ritchey

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. shimizu@mail.chem.sc.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|July 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Salts significantly impact solvophobic interactions between non-polar surfaces in organic solvents. Anion type, following the Hofmeister series, can double the solvophobic effect, influencing molecular behavior.

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Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid
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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Colloid Science

Background:

  • Solvophobic interactions are crucial for phenomena like protein folding and self-assembly in non-polar media.
  • Understanding salt effects on these interactions is key to controlling molecular behavior in organic solvents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of various salts on solvophobic interactions between non-polar surfaces.
  • To elucidate the role of specific anions in modulating these interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular balance techniques to quantify interaction forces.
  • Systematically varied salt compositions in organic solvents.

Main Results:

  • Observed distinct anion-specific effects on solvophobic interactions.
  • These effects correlated with the established Hofmeister series.
  • Solvophobic interactions were enhanced by up to two-fold depending on the anion.

Conclusions:

  • Anions play a significant role in dictating solvophobic interactions in organic solvents.
  • The Hofmeister series provides a predictive framework for salt effects on non-polar surface interactions.