Miniature probe for all-optical double gradient-index lenses photoacoustic microscopy

A novel all-optical double gradient-index (GRIN) lens optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), termed as DGL-PAM, is demonstrated. The miniature probe consists of a single-mode fiber and double GRIN lenses for optical focusing and a miniature fiber Fabry-Perot sensor for ultrasound detection. The new design is simple and realizes high resolution with long working distance (WD) by virtue of the double GRIN lenses. The overall size of the probe is 2.7 mm in diameter. High lateral resolution of 3.7 μm (at 532 nm laser wavelength) and long WD of 5.5 mm are achieved. In vivo OR-PAM of mouse ear demonstrates the imaging ability of DGL-PAM. Since precise alignment of optical and acoustic foci is not needed, the proposed DGL-PAM is relatively easy to implement. It has potential to be developed as a low-cost, disposable OR-PAM probe and for endoscopic applications. The proposed double GRIN lenses for making miniature endoscopic probes can also be applied to other modalities, such as optical coherence tomography and confocal fluorescence microscopy, to enable high resolution and long WD.