[Advances in Avian Antiviral Innate Immune Effectors]

As direct antiviral effector proteins, the innate antiviral proteins induced by pathogens and interferon can restrict intracellular viral infection at an early stage, establishing the state of the host antiviral immune response. Mx, PKR, OAS, IFITM, ZAP, and other proteins have all been shown to play important roles in the antiviral response. The host innate immune factors Mx and IFITM are both key antiviral effectors against influenza, while the antiviral mechanism of viperin remains to be completely elucidated. Research on the avian innate immune system is still at an early stage, resulting in fragmented knowledge in this area. Moreover, mechanisms of intrinsic and innate immunity in birds remain unclear.