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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
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Plasmonic slow light device using superfocusing on a bow-tied metallic waveguide.

Takahiro Furuki, Masashi Ota, Mitsuo Fukuda

    Optics Letters
    |July 14, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a plasmonic slow light device using a bow-tied metallic waveguide. This device achieves high group indices, paving the way for all-plasmonic memories and amplifiers.

    Area of Science:

    • Plasmonics
    • Nanophotonics
    • Optical Devices

    Background:

    • Plasmonic slow light devices offer potential for miniaturized optical components.
    • Super focusing in metallic waveguides is key to enhancing light-matter interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel plasmonic slow light device utilizing a bow-tied metallic waveguide.
    • To investigate the slow light properties and fabrication compatibility of the proposed device.

    Main Methods:

    • Solving the characteristic equation of a bow-tied metallic waveguide.
    • Experimental verification using an autocorrelation measurement system.

    Main Results:

    • Group indices exceeding 11.0 were achieved in the telecommunication wavelength band.

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  • The device exhibits slow light properties, with an 8.0 fs pulse broadening observed.
  • The waveguide is compatible with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor fabrication processes.

    • Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated bow-tied metallic waveguide enables efficient plasmonic slow light.
    • The device shows promise for the development of all-plasmonic memories and amplifiers.