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Intellectual Disability01:29

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles — authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and permissive — each influence children's socio-emotional development differently.
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Parent-child interactions lay the foundation for how we understand relationships throughout life. These interactions are not uniform across families; instead, they are shaped by a range of environmental, emotional, and behavioral factors unique to each caregiver-child dynamic. Social psychologists study these early relationships to understand how patterns formed in infancy influence social functioning and interpersonal behavior in adulthood.Attachment Theory and Early Relational ModelsJohn...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Clinical Practice Protocol of Creative Music Therapy for Preterm Infants and Their Parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
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Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability.

Esther Coren1, Kerry Ramsbotham, Manfred Gschwandtner

  • 1School of Public Health, Midwifery and Social Work, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, UK, CT1 1QU.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|July 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parent training interventions show promise for improving parenting skills and child safety among parents with intellectual disabilities. More research is needed to confirm effectiveness, especially for fathers and diverse circumstances.

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Area of Science:

  • Intellectual disability research
  • Parenting interventions
  • Child welfare

Background:

  • Increasing numbers of individuals with intellectual disabilities are becoming parents.
  • While not all individuals with intellectual disabilities experience parenting difficulties, it can impact their capacity to parent effectively.
  • Children of parents with intellectual disabilities may face increased risks of neglect, developmental issues, and behavioral problems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of parent training programs for parents with intellectual disabilities.
  • Interventions aimed to improve parenting skills, parent-child relationships, safe parenting practices, and family environments.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs.
  • Searched multiple databases and trial registers for relevant studies up to July 2017.
  • Included four trials with 192 participants, primarily mothers, with children aged 1 month to 6.5 years.

Main Results:

  • Limited evidence suggests parent training may improve knowledge of child health and safety practices.
  • One study indicated improved maternal-child interaction and reduced parenting stress.
  • A notable finding was a reduction in child protection services involvement for families participating in the training.

Conclusions:

  • Some evidence suggests parent training can support parents with intellectual disabilities in developing necessary parenting skills.
  • Few studies explore intervention mechanisms, target populations (especially fathers), or parental perspectives.
  • Larger RCTs with longer follow-up are required to establish definitive conclusions on effectiveness.