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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography

Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography

Published on: September 29, 2019

Ray Systems in Granular Cratering.

Tapan Sabuwala¹, Christian Butcher², Gustavo Gioia¹

¹Continuum Physics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.

Physical Review Letters

|July 14, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Surface undulations transform ejecta blankets into ray systems during granular cratering. The number of rays correlates with impactor size and surface wavelength, offering insights into planetary cratering.

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Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Geophysics
Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Classical granular cratering experiments yield uniform ejecta blankets.
The influence of surface topography on ejecta patterns has been largely unaddressed.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how surface undulations affect ejecta patterns in granular cratering.
To understand the formation mechanism of rayed crater systems.

Main Methods:

Conducted numerous granular cratering experiments.
Performed computational simulations of the cratering process.
Analyzed the relationship between impactor size, surface wavelength, and ray system characteristics.

Main Results:

Surface undulations transform uniform ejecta blankets into ray systems.
The number of rays in a ray system is directly proportional to the impactor diameter (D) and inversely proportional to the surface undulation wavelength (λ).
Ejecta forming ray systems originate from a narrow annular region around the impact site.

Conclusions:

Surface topography is a critical factor in determining ejecta patterns.
The findings provide a physical model for the formation of rayed craters observed on planetary bodies.
This research may help explain enigmatic ray systems on the Moon and other celestial bodies.