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Van der Waals Interactions

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.

Van der Waals Equation

Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons.
Four types of noncovalent interactions are hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.
Hydrogen bonding results from the electrostatic attraction of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a strong-electronegative atom like oxygen,...

Symmetric Member in Bending

Symmetric Member in Bending

In the study of the mechanics of materials, analyzing the behavior of prismatic members under opposing couples is crucial for understanding internal stress distributions, which are essential for structural design. When subjected to couples, a prismatic member experiences internal forces that maintain equilibrium. A couple, characterized by two equal and opposite forces, creates a moment but no resultant force. The internal forces at any section cut of the member must balance these external...

Van de Graaff Generator

Van de Graaff Generator

Van de Graaff generators (or Van de Graaffs) are devices used to demonstrate high voltage due to static electricity that can also be used for research. Robert Van de Graaff first built one in 1931 (based on original suggestions by Lord Kelvin) for use in nuclear physics research.
Van de Graaff uses both smooth and pointed surfaces, conductors, and insulators to generate large static charges and, hence, large voltages. A substantial excess charge can be deposited on the sphere because it moves...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials

Published on: July 18, 2025

Spin Accumulation and Dynamics in Inversion-Symmetric van der Waals Crystals.

M H D Guimarães¹, B Koopmans¹

¹Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters

|July 14, 2018

Summary

Spin-layer polarization in van der Waals materials like WSe2 and MoSe2 was investigated. Researchers found phonon scattering limits relaxation in WSe2, while interlayer hopping is tunable by magnetic fields.

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Published on: July 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Spintronics

Background:

Inversion-symmetric materials typically lack overall spin texture under time-reversal symmetry.
Van der Waals materials lacking inversion symmetry can exhibit layer-dependent spin textures, coupling spin and layer degrees of freedom.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate spin-layer polarization and its dynamics in inversion-symmetric WSe2 and MoSe2 bulk crystals.
To understand the mechanisms governing spin-layer relaxation and the influence of external factors.

Main Methods:

Time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy was employed.
Measurements were conducted on WSe2 and MoSe2 bulk crystals.

Main Results:

Spin-layer relaxation time in WSe2 is limited by phonon scattering at high temperatures.
Interlayer hopping in WSe2 can be tuned by in-plane magnetic fields at low temperatures, affecting relaxation rates.
MoSe2 exhibits a significantly lower spin-layer lifetime compared to WSe2, consistent with theoretical predictions.

Conclusions:

Spin-layer polarization dynamics are influenced by temperature, phonon scattering, and magnetic fields in WSe2.
The enhanced spin-orbit coupling in WSe2 stabilizes spin-layer polarization, leading to longer lifetimes compared to MoSe2.