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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy
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A single chip electron spin resonance detector based on a single high electron mobility transistor.

Alessandro V Matheoud1, Nergiz Sahin1, Giovanni Boero1

  • 1Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|July 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel single-chip electron spin resonance (ESR) detector. Utilizing high electron mobility transistor technology, it significantly reduces microwave magnetic fields and power consumption for sensitive nanoscale ESR experiments.

Keywords:
EPRESRElectron paramagnetic resonanceElectron spin resonanceHEMTSingle chip detector

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Previous single-chip microwave oscillators for electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy faced limitations in microwave magnetic field strength (0.1-0.7 mT) and power consumption (0.5-200 mW).
  • These limitations restricted their application for samples with long relaxation times and low-temperature operations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and characterize a novel single-chip ESR detector with significantly reduced microwave magnetic field and power consumption.
  • To enable sensitive ESR experiments on nanoliter and subnanoliter samples, particularly those with long relaxation times and requiring low temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a single-chip ESR detector utilizing high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology instead of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS).
  • The detector comprises an LC Colpitts oscillator with a HEMT and a co-integrated single-turn planar coil (440 μm diameter), operating at 11.2 GHz.
  • Characterization of the detector's performance across a temperature range from 300 K down to 1.4 K.

Main Results:

  • The HEMT-based detector achieves a minimum microwave magnetic field of 0.4 μT at 300 K and 0.06 μT at 1.4 K.
  • Power consumption is drastically reduced to 90 μW at 300 K and 4 μW at 1.4 K.
  • Experimental spin sensitivity reached 8 × 1010 spins/Hz1/2 (30 nL volume) at 300 K and 2 × 109 spins/Hz1/2 (10 K) at 10 K, with a two-order-of-magnitude improvement in 100 pL volumes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed single-chip ESR detector represents a significant advancement over previous designs due to its ultra-low microwave magnetic field and power consumption.
  • The HEMT technology enables highly sensitive ESR spectroscopy for micro- and nano-liter samples, even at cryogenic temperatures.
  • This technology opens new avenues for investigating challenging samples and performing ESR experiments in diverse conditions.