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Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
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Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Limbic encephalitis associated with systemic sclerosis.

Pia De Stefano1, Carlo Chizzolini2, Patrice H Lalive1

  • 1Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
|July 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) can trigger autoimmune limbic encephalitis, a rare neurological complication. Treatment with immunosuppressants and immunoglobulins showed positive outcomes in a recent case study.

Keywords:
Antibody-negativeAutoimmune encephalitisEpilepsyImmunotherapySystemic sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs.
  • Neurological manifestations in SSc are uncommon but can significantly impact patient morbidity.
  • Autoimmune limbic encephalitis is a rare condition involving inflammation of the limbic system, often associated with specific autoantibodies.

Observation:

  • A patient with systemic sclerosis (SSc) presented with autoimmune limbic encephalitis during a period of quiescent SSc, coinciding with new-onset arthritis.
  • The patient's serum contained autoantibodies against the SSA antigen.
  • Standard autoantibody panels for autoimmune encephalitis were negative in this patient.

Findings:

  • The patient's autoimmune limbic encephalitis demonstrated improvement with immunosuppressive therapy and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins.
  • The case suggests a potential link between SSc and the development of central nervous system inflammatory events, specifically autoimmune encephalitis.
  • The absence of typical encephalitis-associated autoantibodies highlights diagnostic challenges.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the potential for 'neuro-scleroderma,' where SSc may predispose individuals to autoimmune encephalitic disorders.
  • Understanding this association could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for neurological complications in SSc patients.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the immunopathogenic mechanisms linking SSc and central nervous system inflammation.