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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

3.3K
The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

6.0K
The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Chemistry of the Cell02:58

Chemistry of the Cell

48.1K
The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen bonding makes water a unique substance with special properties that are intimately tied to the processes of life. Life originally evolved in an aqueous environment, and most of an organism’s cellular chemistry and metabolism occur inside the aqueous contents of the cell’s cytoplasm. Special properties of water are its high heat capacity...
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What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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[Head & Neck Merkel Cell Carcinoma].

Teresa B Steinbichler, Undine Hauser, Volker H Schartinger

    Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie
    |July 14, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin cancer, is increasing in incidence and mortality. Early detection and treatment, including surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy, are crucial for managing this neuroendocrine tumor.

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    Isolation and Characterization of a Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Subpopulation Having Stem Cell Characteristics
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    Isolation and Characterization of a Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Subpopulation Having Stem Cell Characteristics

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    Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Dermatology
    • Surgical Pathology

    Background:

    • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine skin tumor with increasing incidence and higher mortality than malignant melanoma.
    • Key risk factors include chronic UV exposure and immunosuppression, with a predilection for patients over 70 and the head and neck region.
    • MCC exhibits early metastasis to regional lymph nodes, necessitating prompt and comprehensive management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline the current understanding and management strategies for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).
    • To emphasize the importance of surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy in reducing recurrence.
    • To identify criteria for potentially sparing adjuvant radiotherapy in select head and neck MCC cases.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) management.
    • Analysis of treatment outcomes, focusing on surgical techniques (wide resection, lymph node dissection) and radiotherapy protocols.
    • Identification of prognostic factors and criteria for risk stratification.

    Main Results:

    • Surgical resection with wide margins and diagnostic lymph node excision (e.g., ipsilateral selective neck dissection for head and neck MCC) is the primary treatment.
    • Adjuvant radiotherapy to the primary tumor bed and regional lymph nodes significantly decreases recurrence rates.
    • Adjuvant radiotherapy can be omitted in specific low-risk head and neck MCC cases (e.g., wide margins, small tumor size, no lymphovascular invasion, no immunosuppression, pathologically negative nodes).

    Conclusions:

    • Aggressive surgical management combined with adjuvant radiotherapy is essential for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), particularly in the head and neck region.
    • Careful patient selection allows for the omission of adjuvant radiotherapy in a subset of low-risk cases.
    • Close follow-up is critical due to the high risk of early disease recurrence.