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Environmental contamination by bacteria in hospital washrooms according to hand-drying method: a multi-centre study

E Best1, P Parnell1, J Couturier2

  • 1Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK.

The Journal of Hospital Infection
|July 15, 2018
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Paper towels significantly reduce bacterial contamination in washrooms compared to jet air dryers. This study found higher levels of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains, on surfaces and in the air when using jet air dryers, impacting infection prevention strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Infection Prevention and Control
  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Hand hygiene is critical for preventing infections.
  • The impact of hand-drying methods on pathogen dissemination remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare bacterial contamination levels in washrooms using paper towels (PT) versus jet air dryers (JAD).
  • To assess the influence of hand-drying method on bacterial dissemination in real-world hospital settings.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-centre, internal-crossover study conducted over 12 weeks in three hospitals (UK, France, Italy).
  • Bacteria cultured from air, surfaces, and dust; washroom footfall monitored.
  • 120 sampling sessions were performed.

Main Results:

  • Jet air dryers (JAD) were associated with significantly higher bacterial contamination on dispenser surfaces compared to paper towels (PT) across all sites.
  • Higher bacterial levels, including methicillin-susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, and ESBL-producing bacteria, were found in JAD washrooms, particularly in the UK.
  • Increased airborne dissemination of bacteria, including ESBL-producing bacteria, was observed with JAD use in France.

Conclusions:

  • The method of hand-drying significantly influences bacterial dissemination in washroom environments.
  • Higher bacterial contamination levels, including concerning pathogens, are linked to the use of jet air dryers.
  • Findings have implications for infection prevention strategies in healthcare settings.
Keywords:
AerosolHand hygieneTransmission

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