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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents
Published on: November 2, 2017
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) mechanisms and its effects on cortical excitability and connectivity
Thomas Reed1, Roi Cohen Kadosh2
1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, New Richards Building, 71-73 Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LA, UK. thomas.reed@psy.ox.ac.uk.
Abstract:
In this review, we describe transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques currently being used in neuroscientific research, including transcranial direct current (tDCS), alternating current (tACS) and random noise (tRNS) stimulation techniques. We explain how these techniques are used and summarise the proposed mechanisms of action for each technique. We continue by describing how each method has been used to alter endogenous neuronal oscillations and connectivity between brain regions, and we conclude by highlighting the varying effects of stimulation and discussing the future direction of these stimulation techniques in research.
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