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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics
Published on: June 6, 2018
Urine metabolome analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS): Standardization and optimization of
Francesco Palmas1, Michele Mussap2, Claudia Fattuoni1
1Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042, Italy.
Background:
Before derivatization, urine analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) requires the complete removal of urea to avoid interferences. We aimed at establishing the most effective sample pretreatment for urea removing; moreover, we explored the impact of two short-term sample storage conditions on urine metabolome.
Methods:
92 aliquots were obtained from a single sample collected from a healthy adult; they were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 consisted of untreated aliquots while groups 2-6 differed from each other for the addition of various defined urease solution volumes combined with either 30 min or 1-hour sonication time. Urine sample storage was tested by comparing 20 fresh aliquots analyzed after collection with 20 aliquots frozen at -80 °C for 72 h.
Results:
the most effective protocol consisted of the combination between 200 μL urease solution with 1-h sonication time; urease solution volumes >200 μL increase the risk to underestimate metabolite peaks because of sample dilution. Short-term storage of samples at -80 °C pointed out significant changes in the urine metabolic profile compared with that of fresh samples.
Conclusions:
our study confirms the importance of urea removal for a reliable recognition and quantitation of metabolites; urine short-term storage at -80 °C should be carefully reconsidered.
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