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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation
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Using automated electrode localization to guide stimulation management in DBS.

Mikkel V Petersen1, Andreas Husch2, Christine E Parsons3

  • 1Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN) Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Nørrebrogade 44 8000 Aarhus C Denmark.

Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
|July 17, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) testing can be improved by knowing electrode contact locations. Atlas-based targeting most accurately predicted optimal stimulation contacts in the subthalamic nucleus.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a crucial treatment for neurological disorders, but requires extensive postoperative testing.
  • Current DBS testing lacks guidance from precise neuroanatomical electrode contact localization.
  • Optimizing stimulation parameters is essential for maximizing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and compare automated methods for reconstructing deep brain stimulation electrode contact locations.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of different subthalamic nucleus segmentation techniques (atlas-based, manual, tractography-based) for electrode targeting.
  • To determine the relationship between electrode contact location and optimal stimulation parameters in the subthalamic nucleus.

Main Methods:

  • Automated reconstruction of electrode contact positions relative to the subthalamic nucleus.
  • Comparison of atlas-based, manual, and tractography-based segmentation methods for targeting the subthalamic nucleus.
  • Analysis of electrode contact proximity to the target based on segmentation method.

Main Results:

  • Most clinically effective electrode contacts were located closest or second closest to the atlas-based subthalamic nucleus target.
  • Atlas-based segmentation provided a reliable reference for electrode contact localization.
  • Tractography and manual methods showed variability in defining the subthalamic nucleus target.

Conclusions:

  • Atlas-based reconstruction of electrode contacts offers valuable neuroanatomical guidance for deep brain stimulation.
  • Clinicians can leverage atlas-based localization data to refine postoperative stimulation testing.
  • Improved electrode targeting accuracy can lead to more effective and personalized deep brain stimulation therapy.