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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Exocrine glands are classified as unicellular and multicellular. The unicellular glands are scattered single cells, such as goblet cells, found in the mucous membranes of the small and large intestines. On the other hand, multicellular exocrine glands develop as secretory sheets, like the internal lining of the abdomen or chest. Such secretory sheets release their secretions directly into the lumen of these organs. In addition, some multicellular glands have deep-seated secretory units to...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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From thyroid cartilage to thyroid gland.

K Laios1, E Lagiou2, V Konofaou3

  • 1Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. konstlaios@gmail.com.

Folia Morphologica
|July 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ancient physicians overlooked the thyroid gland, though they described a similar condition. Andreas Vesalius provided the first official description, and Thomas Wharton coined the term "Glandulae thyreoidea".

Keywords:
GalenThomas Whartonbotiumthyroid foramen

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • History of Medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Ancient Greek physicians' understanding of anatomy was limited, leading them to omit descriptions of the thyroid gland.
  • While a condition termed bronchocele was described, it did not precisely match the modern understanding of goiter.

Observation:

  • The thyroid gland's anatomical complexity likely hindered its early recognition by ancient physicians.
  • The term 'bronchocele' (Greek:Βρογχοκήλη) described a neck swelling but lacked specific correlation to the thyroid.

Findings:

  • Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) is credited with the first official anatomical description of the thyroid gland.
  • Thomas Wharton (1614-1673) introduced the specific nomenclature 'Glandulae thyreoidea' in his work 'Adenographia'.

Implications:

  • This historical overview highlights the gradual evolution of anatomical knowledge and medical terminology.
  • Understanding the history of thyroid gland discovery provides context for current endocrine research.