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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics
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Spiral waves in driven strongly coupled Yukawa systems.

Sandeep Kumar1, Amita Das1

  • 1Institute for Plasma Research, HBNI, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India.

Physical Review. E
|July 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Spiral waves in dusty plasma become clearer with stronger coupling. Their speed depends on the screening parameter, decreasing as it increases, and is hexagonal in the crystalline phase.

Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nonlinear Dynamics

Background:

  • Spiral wave formations are common in natural systems.
  • Dusty plasmas offer a unique medium to study wave phenomena due to tunable parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the excitation and characteristics of spiral waves in a driven 2D dusty plasma.
  • To analyze the influence of coupling, driving parameters, and collisions on spiral wave behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular-dynamics simulations were employed to model particle-level interactions.
  • The Yukawa potential was used to represent inter-particle interactions, accounting for charge shielding.
  • Spatiotemporal evolution was analyzed under varying frequencies, amplitudes, and collision rates.

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Main Results:

  • Spiral wave structures become more defined with increased coupling strength.
  • Radial propagation speed is independent of coupling but decreases with higher screening parameters.
  • In the crystalline phase, spiral wavefronts exhibit hexagonal shapes, indicating dependence on inter-particle spacing.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates controllable spiral wave excitation in dusty plasma.
  • Plasma parameters like coupling and screening significantly influence spiral wave morphology and propagation.
  • Findings provide insights into complex pattern formation in strongly coupled dusty plasmas.