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Related Concept Videos

Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
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Mixtures of Acids

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
In a strong and weak acid mixture, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions present in the solution. In contrast, the weak acid shows...
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Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers02:30

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A racemic mixture, or racemate, is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers of a molecule that can be separated using their unique interaction with chiral molecules or media. Racemic mixtures are denoted by the (±)- prefix. This ‘optical rotation descriptor’ applies to the whole solution of a racemic mixture rather than a specific stereoisomer. Enantiomers typically have the same physical and chemical properties. Hence, they are not easily separable. However, enantiomers can exhibit...
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The Fluid Mosaic Model01:34

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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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Unless individual gases chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other’s pressure. Each gas in a mixture exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it were present alone in the container. The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure.
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In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column
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Fluid mixtures in nanotubes.

Henri Gouin1, Augusto Muracchini2, Tommaso Ruggeri2

  • 1Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IUSTI   UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France.

Physical Review. E
|July 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study models fluid mixtures in nanotubes using continuum mechanics. Nanotubes can exhibit significantly enhanced fluid flow, especially when the external bulk is vapor.

Area of Science:

  • Continuum Mechanics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding fluid behavior in nanoscale confinement is crucial for various applications.
  • Nanotube properties significantly alter fluid dynamics compared to bulk.
  • Predicting mixture phase behavior and flow requires advanced theoretical models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a continuum mechanics model for fluid mixtures within nanotubes.
  • To investigate the influence of nanotube walls on mixture composition.
  • To quantify the enhanced flow rates of fluid mixtures in nanotubes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing mean-field molecular theory and Taylor series expansion of density.
  • Deriving a continuous expression for volume free energy.

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  • Analyzing the behavior of water-ethanol mixtures in carbon nanotubes at 20°C.

    • Main Results:

    • Nanotubes can be filled with liquid or vapor depending on wall chemistry and bulk conditions.
    • Small diameter nanotubes are consistently filled with liquid mixtures.
    • Carbon nanotube walls favor ethanol enrichment in water-ethanol mixtures.
    • Fluid mixture flow in nanotubes can exceed classical Poiseuille flow by orders of magnitude, particularly with a vapor external bulk.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed model accurately describes fluid mixture behavior in nanotubes.
    • Nanotube confinement and wall interactions significantly impact mixture composition and phase.
    • Exceptional flow enhancement in nanotubes has implications for microfluidics and transport phenomena.