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An ellipse is a fundamental conic section defined by the constant sum of distances from any point on its curve to two fixed points, known as the foci. This geometric property can be physically demonstrated using a pencil, string, and two pins. By anchoring the string at both ends and maintaining it taut with a pencil, one can trace the outline of an ellipse.The shape and extent of the ellipse are determined by its eccentricity, e, defined as the ratio of the distance between the center and a...
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Fatigue01:21

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Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...
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General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
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Design of Columns under an Eccentric Load01:21

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Designing columns to withstand eccentric loads is a critical aspect of structural engineering, ensuring structures can support off-center loads without failure. This design process must account for the additional normal stresses introduced by eccentric loading, which can significantly influence a column's stress distribution and overall stability. An eccentric load applied to a column induces normal stresses that can be conceptualized as a combination of stresses due to an equivalent...
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Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
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Corticospinal changes induced by fatiguing eccentric versus concentric exercise.

Yoann M Garnier1, Christos Paizis1,2, Romuald Lepers1

  • 1a INSERM UMR1093-CAPS , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport , Dijon , France.

European Journal of Sport Science
|July 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Concentric and eccentric knee extensor exercises caused similar neuromuscular fatigue. Corticospinal excitability remained unchanged, but intracortical inhibition was modulated during and after fatiguing exercise.

Keywords:
Single-joint exerciseconcentriceccentricknee extensor musclesneuromuscular fatigue

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Muscle fatigue significantly impacts neuromuscular and corticospinal function.
  • Understanding differences in muscle contraction modes (concentric vs. eccentric) is crucial for exercise science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare neuromuscular and corticospinal adaptations to fatiguing submaximal knee extensor exercise in concentric and eccentric modes.
  • To investigate changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), voluntary activation level (VAL), motor evoked potentials (MEP), and cortical silent period (CSP).

Main Methods:

  • Twelve subjects performed 10 sets of 10 repetitions of knee extensor exercise at 80% MVIC in either concentric or eccentric mode.
  • Neuromuscular parameters (MVIC, VAL, evoked potentials) and corticospinal excitability (MEP, CSP) were measured before, during, and after exercise.

Main Results:

  • Both exercise modes induced similar reductions in MVIC, VAL, and peak twitch response.
  • MEP amplitude and input-output curves were unaltered, indicating no change in corticospinal excitability.
  • CSP showed differential modulation: increased during/after concentric exercise and reduced after eccentric exercise for specific muscles.

Conclusions:

  • Concentric and eccentric knee extensor contractions result in comparable neuromuscular fatigue when matched for total impulse.
  • Corticospinal excitability is not modulated during or after these fatiguing exercises, but intracortical inhibition is affected.