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Related Concept Videos

Buffer Effectiveness02:19

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
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Self-Awareness and Its Effects01:21

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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Monitoring Acupuncture Effects on Human Brain by fMRI
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Monitoring Acupuncture Effects on Human Brain by fMRI

Published on: April 8, 2010

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Top-down effects in the brain.

George Ellis1

  • 1Mathematics Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.

Physics of Life Reviews
|July 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the brain requires considering top-down effects. These influences, from evolutionary to societal levels, highlight the brain

Keywords:
AdaptationBrainEvolutionFunctionTop-down causation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Traditional neuroscience often focuses on bottom-up processing.
  • Understanding complex brain functions necessitates a broader perspective.
  • The brain's operation is influenced by multiple interacting levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the critical role of top-down effects in brain function.
  • To argue against purely reductionist approaches to neuroscience.
  • To integrate evolutionary, developmental, and functional perspectives.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of evolutionary and developmental aspects of the brain.
  • Analysis of functional aspects: sensory, learning, and motor processes.
  • Consideration of societal influences on brain activity.

Main Results:

  • Top-down effects are integral to understanding sensory processing, learning, and action.
  • Societal contexts significantly impact brain operations.
  • Multiple realizability and functional adaptation support top-down influences.

Conclusions:

  • A non-reductionist approach is essential for comprehending brain mechanisms.
  • Top-down processes are fundamental, not merely emergent, properties of the brain.
  • Integrating diverse levels of analysis provides a more complete understanding of the brain.