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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
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The nervous system consists of complex motor neuron circuits, including upper motor neurons originating from the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons starting in the spinal cord, coordinating both voluntary and involuntary movements. Among these, somatic motor neurons activate skeletal muscles and are classified into alpha, beta, and gamma types. Alpha neurons are vital for voluntary movement coordination, while gamma neurons adjust muscle spindle sensitivity, and the function of beta...
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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

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Herniated Discs at the Cervicothoracic Junction.

Dal-Sung Ryu1, Ho-Kyu Paik2, Sang-Soak Ahn2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Gangnam Severance Spine Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

World Neurosurgery
|July 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cervicothoracic disc herniations (C7-T1) are rare and often linked to trauma. This study highlights their unique foraminal location and radiographic features, aiding in better patient care.

Keywords:
C7–T1 herniationCervicothoracic junctionIntervertebral disc herniationSpinal fusion

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Spinal Surgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Cervicothoracic junction (C7-T1) disc herniations are uncommon.
  • Limited research exists on the specific causes and characteristics of solitary C7-T1 disc herniations.
  • Previous studies have not focused on the biomechanics and unique features of this condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct characteristics of C7-T1 disc herniations.
  • To compare the clinical presentation and biomechanics of C7-T1 disc herniations with other spinal levels.
  • To identify potential mechanisms and causes contributing to C7-T1 disc herniation.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 36 patients undergoing solitary C7-T1 disc surgery (2006-2015).
  • Radiographic comparison with cohort-matched herniated C5-C6 disc and healthy control groups.
  • Assessment of clinical course, symptom duration, and biomechanical factors.

Main Results:

  • C7-T1 disc herniations predominantly occurred in the foraminal space (P < 0.0001).
  • A history of trauma was significantly associated with C7-T1 disc herniation (P < 0.0001).
  • Cervical vertebral body was more visible in the C7-T1 group on lateral radiographs.

Conclusions:

  • C7-T1 disc herniations exhibit unique epidemiological and anatomical features.
  • Understanding these specific characteristics is crucial for effective clinical management.
  • Further research into the biomechanics may elucidate causative factors.