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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Decoding Natural Behavior from Neuroethological Embedding
Published on: October 3, 2025
From ERPs to MVPA Using the Amsterdam Decoding and Modeling Toolbox (ADAM).
Johannes J Fahrenfort1,2,3, Joram van Driel1, Simon van Gaal2,3
1Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
The Amsterdam Decoding and Modeling (ADAM) toolbox simplifies multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) for electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. It enables direct comparison of traditional event-related potential (ERP) and event-related field (ERF) analyses with MVPA results.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Computational Neuroscience
- Cognitive Neuroscience
Background:
- Time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) is increasingly used for electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data analysis.
- Traditional event-related potential (ERP) and event-related field (ERF) analyses remain prevalent.
- A gap exists in seamlessly integrating MVPA with traditional methods for EEG/MEG data.
Purpose of the Study:
- Introduce the Amsterdam Decoding and Modeling (ADAM) toolbox for MATLAB.
- Facilitate the transition from ERP/ERF analysis to MVPA for EEG/MEG researchers.
- Provide a comprehensive guide for applying decoding analysis to EEG/MEG datasets.
Main Methods:
- Developed the ADAM toolbox for MATLAB, compatible with EEGLAB and Fieldtrip formats.
- Implemented functions for direct comparison of ERP/ERF and MVPA results.
- Included visualization tools for decoding and forward encoding, temporal generalization, and channel tuning functions.
Main Results:
- ADAM enables publication-ready visualization of group decoding and forward encoding results.
- The toolbox supports analysis on raw data or time-frequency decomposed data across different frequency bands.
- A cookbook demonstrates single-subject and group-level analysis on a publicly available face perception dataset.
Conclusions:
- ADAM provides an accessible platform for researchers to perform and compare MVPA with traditional EEG/MEG analyses.
- The toolbox facilitates advanced neuroimaging data analysis, including comparisons between EEG and MEG decoding outcomes.
- This work supports broader adoption of MVPA techniques in the neuroscience community.
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