Cannabinoids: emerging evidence in use and abuse

Area of Science:

• Emergency Medicine
• Pharmacology
• Toxicology

Background:

• Increasing emergency department (ED) visits linked to cannabinoid use.
• Legal and medical controversies surrounding cannabinoids persist.
• Need for updated clinical guidance on cannabinoid-related presentations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the pathophysiology and clinical findings of cannabinoid use.
• To outline evidence-based management strategies for acute and chronic cannabinoid intoxication.
• To discuss diagnosis and treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS).

Main Methods:

• Literature review of pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and management of cannabinoid toxicity.
• Analysis of evidence for natural versus synthetic cannabinoid effects.
• Examination of emerging treatments for CHS and legal status updates.

Main Results:

• Cannabinoid use presents with diverse clinical findings requiring ED attention.
• Distinguishing between natural and synthetic cannabinoid effects is crucial.
• CHS management includes novel approaches like hot water bathing and haloperidol.

Conclusions:

• EDs must be prepared for increasing cannabinoid-related emergencies.
• Evidence-based protocols are essential for managing cannabinoid intoxication and CHS.
• Ongoing research and legal updates inform clinical practice for cannabinoid-related issues.