Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

89.2K
The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
89.2K
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

409
In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
409
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.5K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.5K
Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation01:33

Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation

7.9K
Aldol condensation is an acid or base-catalyzed condensation between aldehydes or ketones to give an α,ꞵ-unsaturated carbonyl compound. A base-promoted condensation between ester molecules to produce a ꞵ-ketoester is known as the Claisen condensation. In the presence of a base, both reactions involve deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen to produce the corresponding enolates. The nucleophilic enolates attack their respective nonenolized carbonyl compound forming a tetrahedral...
7.9K
Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

90.7K
Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
90.7K
DNA Packaging00:58

DNA Packaging

112.8K
Overview
112.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Targeting IP<sub>6</sub> signaling to destabilize homologous recombination proteins to overcome PARP inhibitor resistance.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Advances in citric acid-crosslinked starch biopolymer chemistry, processing, and applications in sustainable packaging - A critical review.

Carbohydrate polymers·2026
Same author

Hydrodistillation-Based Essential Oil Extraction and Soda Pulping of Spent Hemp Biomass for Sustainable Fiber Production.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Expression of concern: "Biocompatible mesoporous silica-coated superparamagnetic ferrite nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and MR imaging applications" [J. Colloid Interface Sci. 431 (2014) 31-41].

Journal of colloid and interface science·2026
Same author

Contrast-enhanced T<sub>1</sub>-weighted MRI, <sup>11</sup>C-DPA-713 PET and <sup>11</sup>C-CPPC PET as predictive imaging biomarkers of neuroinflammation in radiotherapy-induced brain injury.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Upconversion of non-recycled MSW paper fractions into biochar via slow pyrolysis and life cycle analysis: Pathways to net negative GHG emission.

Journal of environmental management·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery
08:09

Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery

Published on: August 6, 2019

6.2K

Temperature- and Composition-Dependent DNA Condensation by Thermosensitive Block Copolymers.

Satyagopal Sahoo1, Sharmita Bera1, Saikat Maiti1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.

ACS Omega
|July 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored temperature-dependent DNA condensation using novel thermosensitive block copolymers (PNIPA-b-PDMAEMA). Above the critical aggregation temperature, stable, compact polymer-DNA complexes formed, indicating potential for temperature-modulated gene delivery.

More Related Videos

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

14.6K
Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
11:42

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

8.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery
08:09

Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery

Published on: August 6, 2019

6.2K
Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

14.6K
Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
11:42

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

8.3K

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Gene Delivery

Background:

  • Intracellular gene delivery necessitates efficient carriers due to DNA's inability to cross cell membranes.
  • Viral vectors face limitations regarding toxicity and immunogenicity, driving interest in nonviral alternatives.
  • Thermosensitive block copolymers offer tunable properties for gene delivery applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temperature-dependent DNA condensation efficiency of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PNIPA-b-PDMAEMA) copolymers.
  • To synthesize and characterize various PNIPA-b-PDMAEMA copolymer compositions using RAFT polymerization.
  • To elucidate the formation and properties of polymer-DNA complexes (polyplexes) above and below the critical aggregation temperature (CAT).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of PNIPA-b-PDMAEMA copolymers via RAFT polymerization.
  • Characterization using steady-state fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, agarose gel electrophoresis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  • Assessment of copolymer-DNA interactions at temperatures above and below the CAT.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of three different PNIPA-b-PDMAEMA copolymer compositions.
  • Formation of highly stable and compact polymer-DNA complexes (polyplexes) above the CAT.
  • Temperature-dependent modulation of polyplex size and morphology, with more spherical particles observed above the CAT.
  • Evidence of increased DNA shielding within polyplexes above the CAT.

Conclusions:

  • PNIPA-b-PDMAEMA copolymers effectively condense DNA in a temperature-dependent manner.
  • Complex formation and properties can be modulated by temperature, offering a strategy for controlled gene delivery.
  • These findings provide valuable biophysical insights for designing advanced nonviral gene carriers.