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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
Published on: August 12, 2013
Core-Shell Microcapsules Containing Flame Retardant Tris(2-chloroethyl phosphate) for Lithium-Ion Battery
Marta Baginska1,2, Nancy R Sottos3,2, Scott R White1,2
1Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
Abstract:
Flame retardant tris(2-chloroethyl phosphate) (TCP) is successfully encapsulated in core-shell poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules by in situ polymerization. The microcapsules are electrochemically stable in lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electrolytes and thermally stable to ca. 200 °C. Thermal triggering of these microcapsules at higher temperatures ruptures the shell wall, releasing the liquid core (flame retardant), and NMR spectroscopy confirms the presence of the flame retardant in the electrolyte solution. Li-ion pouch cell experiments demonstrate that microencapsulation of TCP and its incorporation into the battery electrolyte provide latent fire retardants that improve battery safety while maintaining inherent battery performance and cycling capability.
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