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What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Molecules as Biotic Messengers.

Jerrold Meinwald1, Walter S Leal2, Julia Kubanek3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.

ACS Omega
|July 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical ecology studies how small molecules mediate interactions between organisms. Modern research integrates genomics, proteomics, and chemistry to understand ecological and evolutionary patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • * Chemical ecology, focusing on naturally occurring small molecules.

Background:

  • * Evolved from studying insect pheromones to a broad molecular understanding.
  • * Integrates diverse biological and chemical disciplines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To illustrate ecological and evolutionary patterns.
  • * To deepen understanding of molecular, physiological, and behavioral interactions.

Main Methods:

  • * Relies on knowledge of genomes and gene expression.
  • * Incorporates protein biology and small-molecule chemistry.

Main Results:

  • * Provides insights into molecular interactions.
  • * Demonstrates ecological and evolutionary patterns in communities.

Conclusions:

  • * Chemical ecology is a multidisciplinary field.
  • * Offers a molecular basis for ecological and evolutionary studies.