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Related Concept Videos

Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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An increasing function exhibits a rise in output values as input values increase. This behavior is depicted graphically as a curve or line that slopes upward from left to right. Such a function satisfies the condition that if x1 < x2, then f(x1) < f(x2), indicating that the function values grow with increasing inputs. This concept is fundamental in understanding growth trends across various domains, such as population dynamics, financial investments, or resource consumption.The...
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Increased Body Temperature01:25

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A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
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Increased pulse rate01:17

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Tachycardia is a condition marked by an abnormally fast or irregular heart rate, surpassing the typical resting rate. In adults, tachycardia is characterized by a pulse rate ranging from 100 to 180 beats per minute. The increased heart rate can result in inadequate blood flow to various body parts, ultimately diminishing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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meta-Directing Deactivators: &ndash;NO2, &ndash;CN, &ndash;CHO, &ndash;&NoBreak;CO2R, &ndash;COR, &ndash;CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Related Experiment Video

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Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells
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Transcriptome Analysis of CHO Cell Size Increase During a Fed-Batch Process.

Xiao Pan1, Abdulaziz A Alsayyari1, Ciska Dalm2

  • 1Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Biotechnology Journal
|July 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell proliferation arrest and size increase are linked to enhanced productivity. Transcriptome analysis reveals cell cycle inhibition and activated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway drive these changes.

Keywords:
CHO cell culturecell cyclecell size increasemAb productionmTORtranscriptome analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cultures are vital for biopharmaceutical production.
  • Understanding factors influencing cell size and productivity is crucial for optimizing bioprocesses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind CHO cell proliferation arrest and increased cell size.
  • To identify the role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in these cellular changes.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptome analysis to study gene expression patterns.
  • Cell cycle analysis to determine cell phase distribution.
  • Analysis of gene expression related to cell cycle regulators and the mTOR pathway.

Main Results:

  • Cell proliferation arrest was observed primarily in the G0/G1 phase.
  • Cell cycle arrest correlated with altered expression of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (CDKNs), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and cyclins.
  • Upregulation of the mTOR pathway, influenced by extracellular factors, was linked to increased protein translation and lipid synthesis, promoting cell growth.

Conclusions:

  • Cell cycle inhibition and activated mTOR signaling are key transcriptome-level events associated with CHO cell size increase.
  • CHO cell size can be modulated by manipulating extracellular nutrient conditions via media and feed design.
  • Optimizing CHO cell size presents a strategy for enhancing cell growth and specific productivity in bioprocesses.