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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents
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Failure generates impulsivity only when outcomes cannot be controlled.

Benjamin James Dyson1, Jukka Sundvall1, Lewis Forder1

  • 1School of Psychology.

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Experiencing a loss can lead to faster reactions, but only when outcomes are uncontrollable. When individuals can influence results, failure prompts slower responses, not impulsivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • Previous research suggested negative outcomes increase cautious behavior.
  • Verbruggen et al. (2017) challenged this by demonstrating that gambled losses accelerate reaction time (RT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate and define the boundary conditions of the failure-induced faster responding effect.
  • To investigate the role of outcome control in modulating the relationship between negative feedback and response speed.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted using a rock, paper, scissors (RPS) game.
  • Participants' response times were measured following wins and losses.
  • Opponent type (exploitable vs. unexploitable) was manipulated to control outcome predictability.

Main Results:

  • Replicating prior findings, failure led to faster RTs when playing against unexploitable opponents.
  • Conversely, participants with high win-rates against exploitable opponents showed slower RTs after a loss.
  • This indicates a modulation of the failure-response speed link by perceived control.

Conclusions:

  • The association between failure and impulsivity is not universal.
  • It is contingent upon the degree of control individuals perceive over the outcomes.
  • The findings refine our understanding of how negative feedback influences decision-making and response control.