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Related Concept Videos

Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

3.1K
Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

471
It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
471
Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

471
Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Plastic pollution and potential solutions.

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    Plastic production has surged, with most waste ending up in landfills or the environment. Microplastics contaminate ecosystems and may pose risks to human health, necessitating urgent revisions in plastic use and recycling strategies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Materials Science
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Global plastic production has dramatically increased, with billions of tonnes generated since 1950.
    • A significant portion of plastic waste is not recycled or incinerated, leading to environmental accumulation.
    • Packaging constitutes a major use of plastics, with substantial amounts ending up in landfills or escaping collection systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the manufacture and use of plastics.
    • To assess the known effects of plastic pollution on animal, human, and environmental health.
    • To highlight the scale of plastic waste and its environmental pathways.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of plastic production, waste generation, and pollution data.
    • Analysis of plastic waste management statistics (recycling, incineration, landfill).
    • Examination of microplastic sources, distribution, and potential health impacts.

    Main Results:

    • Over 79% of plastic waste generated between 1950 and 2015 is in landfills or the environment.
    • Approximately 9 Mt of plastic entered oceans in 2010, with land-based sources dominating marine debris.
    • Microplastics are widespread, found in oceans, air, soil, and even human tissues, with potential but unconfirmed health risks.

    Conclusions:

    • Urgent revision of plastic manufacturing, use, and end-of-life management is required.
    • Enhanced collection and recycling are critical for reducing environmental plastic waste and conserving fossil resources.
    • Circular economy principles and sustainable practices, like local food production with reduced packaging, offer pathways to mitigate plastic pollution and ensure food security.