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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance
Published on: December 30, 2010
Insect cuticle: a critical determinant of insecticide resistance
Vasileia Balabanidou1, Linda Grigoraki2, John Vontas3
1Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece.
Abstract:
Intense use of insecticides has resulted in the selection of extreme levels of resistance in insect populations. Therefore understanding the molecular basis of insecticide resistance mechanisms becomes critical. Penetration resistance refers to modifications in the cuticle that will eventually slow down the penetration of insecticide molecules within insects' body. So far, two mechanisms of penetration resistance have been described, the cuticle thickening and the altering of cuticle composition. Cuticular modifications are attributed to the over-expression of diversified genes or proteins, which belong to structural components (cuticular proteins mainly), enzymes that catalyze enzymatic reactions (CYP4G16 and laccase 2) or ABC transporters that promote cuticular translocation. In the present review we summarize recent studies and discuss future perspectives.
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