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Related Concept Videos

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Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins
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Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

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Viral gastroenteritis.

Krisztián Bányai1, Mary K Estes2, Vito Martella3

  • 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.

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|July 21, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rotavirus vaccines significantly reduce hospitalizations for gastroenteritis in children under five. Norovirus prevention focuses on hygiene and environmental disinfection, with vaccines still under development.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Enteric viruses, especially rotaviruses and noroviruses, are major global causes of gastroenteritis.
  • Rotaviruses disproportionately impact young children, causing significant mortality and hospitalizations, particularly in developing nations.
  • Noroviruses are a primary cause of foodborne illness and outbreaks across all age groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of rotavirus vaccines on hospital admissions.
  • To discuss current prevention strategies for norovirus infections.
  • To highlight the status of norovirus vaccine development and treatment for viral gastroenteritis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from rotavirus vaccine implementation in various countries.
  • Review of established norovirus prevention measures.
  • Summary of ongoing clinical trials for norovirus vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Rotavirus vaccination led to a 49-89% decrease in rotavirus-associated hospital admissions and a 17-55% decline in all-cause gastroenteritis admissions in children under five within two years.
  • Current norovirus control relies on hygiene and disinfection; vaccine efficacy against diverse strains is uncertain.
  • Fluid and electrolyte replacement remains the primary treatment for viral gastroenteritis.

Conclusions:

  • Rotavirus vaccines are highly effective in reducing childhood gastroenteritis hospitalizations.
  • Effective norovirus vaccines are needed, and current prevention strategies must be maintained.
  • Further research is required for durable norovirus vaccines and improved gastroenteritis management.