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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

765
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
765
Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.6K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

131.3K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
131.3K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.2K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.2K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

87.8K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
87.8K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.3K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

525

Transdermal insulin delivery using choline-based ionic liquids (CAGE).

Eden E L Tanner1, Kelly N Ibsen2, Samir Mitragotri1

  • 1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|July 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents (DES) enhance transdermal drug delivery. Tailoring the ratio of choline and geranic acid in CAGE-DES significantly impacts skin permeability and insulin transport.

Keywords:
Deep eutectic solventsInsulinIonic liquidsTransdermal drug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents (DES) offer tunable properties for enhanced transdermal drug delivery.
  • Their potential to transport large molecules across the skin makes them promising pharmaceutical excipients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of cation/anion ratio in Choline and Geranic acid (CAGE) based DES on physicochemical properties and transdermal insulin delivery.
  • To explore how varying the ratio of choline to geranic acid influences skin permeation.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized CAGE-based DES variants with choline:geranic acid ratios from 1:4 to 2:1.
  • Measured physicochemical properties: viscosity, conductivity, and diffusivity.
  • Assessed skin permeability and stratum corneum lipid interactions using ex vivo porcine skin and FTIR.

Main Results:

  • Each CAGE variant exhibited distinct physicochemical properties, including viscosity and conductivity.
  • The interaction of CAGE with stratum corneum lipids was composition-dependent.
  • DES variants with excess geranic acid (1:2 and 1:4 ratios) showed enhanced insulin delivery into the dermis.

Conclusions:

  • The cation/anion ratio in CAGE-based DES critically influences its physicochemical properties and efficacy for transdermal drug delivery.
  • Optimizing the composition of DES is essential for maximizing the transport of large molecules like insulin across the skin.