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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Optical skyrmion lattice in evanescent electromagnetic fields.

S Tsesses1, E Ostrovsky1, K Cohen1

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Researchers generated optical skyrmion lattices using evanescent fields. These lattices, robust to imperfections, show tunable domain walls for potential optical data applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Photonics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Topological defects are crucial in various physical systems.
  • Skyrmions, a type of topological defect, are promising for magnetic storage and spintronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the generation of optical skyrmion lattices using evanescent electromagnetic fields.
  • To investigate the properties and tunability of these optical skyrmions.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of optical skyrmions using evanescent electromagnetic fields.
  • Utilizing surface plasmon polaritons for generation.
  • Imaging with phase-resolved near-field optical microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Successful generation of optical skyrmion lattices.
  • Demonstrated robustness of the lattice to imperfections.
  • Showcased continuous tunability of topological domain walls, altering skyrmion structure (bubble to Néel type).

Conclusions:

  • Optical skyrmion lattices can be generated using evanescent fields.
  • Tunable topological domain walls offer control over skyrmion properties.
  • Photonic skyrmions open possibilities for optical information processing, transfer, and storage.