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Area of Science:

  • Archaeology
  • Palaeoanthropology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Fire use was common in the Middle Palaeolithic, but Neanderthal fire procurement methods remain debated.
  • Understanding fire production is key to understanding Neanderthal technological capabilities and behaviours.

Observation:

  • Analysis of Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tools from France (Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition, ~50,000 BP) revealed wear patterns.
  • Macroscopic and microscopic traces suggest repeated forceful contact with a hard mineral material.

Findings:

  • Wear patterns on bifacial tools match experimental results of striking pyrite (FeS2) to produce sparks.
  • Striations are consistently oriented, ruling out natural post-depositional processes (taphonomy).
  • This provides the first direct artefactual evidence for systematic fire production by Neanderthals.

Implications:

  • Neanderthals possessed the technology and skill for regular, systematic fire production.
  • Bifacial tools served a dual purpose, including use as 'strike-a-lights'.
  • This finding reshapes our understanding of Neanderthal cognitive abilities and technological innovation.