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Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

Published on: January 26, 2016

Liquid Metal-Based Multifunctional Micropipette for 4D Single Cell Manipulation.

Yu Ting Chow¹, Tianxing Man¹, Giovanny F Acosta-Vélez²

¹Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|July 21, 2018

Summary

This study introduces a novel, low-cost method for creating microcapillary pipettes with liquid metal electrodes. These devices enable precise 4D single cell manipulation for advanced biological research.

Keywords:

cell manipulation dielectrophoresis electrorotation liquid metals

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4D Microscopy of Yeast

4D Microscopy of Yeast

Published on: April 28, 2019

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Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

Published on: January 26, 2016

Multifunctional, Micropipette-based Method for Incorporation And Stimulation of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Droplet Interface Bilayers

Multifunctional, Micropipette-based Method for Incorporation And Stimulation of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Droplet Interface Bilayers

Published on: November 19, 2015

4D Microscopy of Yeast

4D Microscopy of Yeast

Published on: April 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Microfluidics
Electrical Engineering

Background:

High-frequency electrical stimulation and measurement require advanced microelectrode technology.
Precise manipulation of single cells is crucial for various biological applications.
Existing microfabrication methods can be complex, costly, and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel, low-cost, and rapid manufacturing approach for multifunctional microcapillary pipettes.
To integrate liquid metal electrodes for high-conductivity applications.
To achieve simultaneous 3D dielectrophoretic trapping and 1D electrorotation for 4D single cell manipulation.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of microcapillary pipettes using a novel, cleanroom-free, and photolithography-free process.
Integration of liquid metal-based electrodes for high electrical conductivity.
Application of multifrequency, multiamplitude, and multiphase electrical signals to microelectrodes near the pipette tip.

Main Results:

Successful fabrication of multifunctional microcapillary pipettes.
Demonstration of simultaneous 3D dielectrophoretic trapping and 1D electrorotation for 4D single cell manipulation.
Accomplishment of single cell trapping, patterning, transfer, and rotation.
Confirmation of cell viability and proliferation, indicating biocompatibility.

Conclusions:

The proposed manufacturing approach is simple, low-cost, fast, and does not require a cleanroom or photolithography.
The developed microcapillary pipettes offer high electrical conductivity for advanced applications.
This technology enables precise 4D single cell manipulation with confirmed biocompatibility, broadening accessibility for diverse research.
The approach facilitates single cell manipulation functions including trapping, patterning, transfer, and rotation.