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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
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Phase transitions in polymorphic materials probed using space-resolved diffusing wave spectroscopy.

Med Yassine Nagazi1, Philippe Dieudonné-George2, Giovanni Brambilla3

  • 1Formulaction, Toulouse, France. yassine.nagazi@formulaction.com and L2C, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.

Soft Matter
|July 21, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photon Correlation Imaging Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (PCI-DWS) reveals unique dynamics during phase transitions in materials like chocolate. Microscopic dynamics accelerate and then slow down, linked to density changes and strain fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Polymorphic materials exhibit complex phase transitions.
  • Understanding these transitions is crucial for material properties and applications.
  • Fat-based products like chocolate show history-dependent phase behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate temperature-induced phase transitions in polymorphic materials.
  • To validate Photon Correlation Imaging Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (PCI-DWS) as a tool for phase transition characterization.
  • To explore the spatially heterogeneous response of materials during phase transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing space-resolved dynamic light scattering in the highly multiple scattering regime (PCI-DWS).
  • Studying paraffin wax as a model system and chocolate as a complex soft matter example.
  • Complementary experiments using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray scattering.

Main Results:

  • Microscopic dynamics exhibit non-monotonic behavior upon heating, transiently accelerating at phase transitions.
  • The observed speed-up in dynamics is attributed to strain fields induced by density changes.
  • PCI-DWS transition temperatures show excellent agreement with differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray scattering.

Conclusions:

  • PCI-DWS is a powerful new tool for characterizing phase transitions in complex soft matter.
  • The technique can reveal spatially heterogeneous responses in materials.
  • Understanding dynamics during phase transitions provides insights into material behavior.