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When acids come into contact with concrete, they initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the hydrated cement paste. This process leads to softening and structural weakening of the concrete. This issue is commonly observed in environments such as chimneys, sewers, and industrial settings. The severity of the damage increases as the pH of the water interacting with the concrete drops below 6.5. In particular, a pH under 4.5 can cause significant concrete damage.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Is transesophageal echocardiography needed for evaluating tissue-based transient ischemic attack?

Mohamed Al-Khaled1, Björn Scheef2, Toralf Brüning1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.

Neural Regeneration Research
|July 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients helps identify cardiac sources of embolism. This cardiac evaluation can guide anticoagulation therapy and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
anticoagulationmanagementtherapy changetransesophageal echocardiographytransient ischemic stroke

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a critical warning sign for stroke, necessitating comprehensive evaluation.
  • Cardiac evaluation, specifically transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), plays a role in identifying stroke sources, but data in TIA patients are limited.
  • The new definition of TIA excludes evidence of infarction, emphasizing the need to investigate potential embolic sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of TEE performance in patients diagnosed with TIA.
  • To investigate the diagnostic findings of TEE in TIA patients.
  • To assess the impact of TEE findings on treatment decisions and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study included 1071 patients diagnosed with TIA over a 4-year period (2011-2014).
  • A subset of 288 patients (27%) underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).
  • Patient demographics, TIA symptoms, medical history, TEE findings, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • TEE identified cardiac sources of embolism in a significant proportion of TIA patients, including patent foramen ovale (25.7%), atrial septal aneurysm (4.6%), and severe aortic arch atherosclerotic plaques (8.7%).
  • TEE findings led to anticoagulation therapy in 6% of patients and surgical intervention in one patient with a cardiac fibroma.
  • The rates of stroke, recurrent TIA, and mortality were similar between patients who underwent TEE and those who did not.

Conclusions:

  • Transesophageal echocardiography is valuable in detecting cardiac sources of embolism in TIA patients, even under the new diagnostic criteria.
  • TEE findings can influence therapeutic decisions, such as initiating anticoagulation.
  • While TEE aids in diagnosis, its routine performance did not significantly alter short-term stroke or TIA recurrence rates in this cohort.