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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
612
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
924
Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

368
Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
368
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

990
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Workflow for Integrating POCUS Data into EHR for Managing Heart Failure Patients
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A competency framework for clinical pharmacists and heart failure.

Paul Forsyth1, Alison Warren2, Clare Thomson3

  • 1West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK.

The International Journal of Pharmacy Practice
|July 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new framework outlines essential competencies for clinical pharmacists caring for heart failure patients. This standardizes care, guides career development, and clarifies the pharmacist's role in managing this widespread condition.

Keywords:
clinical pharmacycontinuing professional developmentheart failurepharmacistsprofessional practice

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Healthcare Professional Development

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a growing global health crisis with severe consequences.
  • Clinical pharmacist services for HF have expanded over 20 years, but specific competency requirements remain unclear.
  • There is a need to define the advanced knowledge, skills, and experience for safe and competent HF pharmacy practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish an expert consensus on the minimum competencies required for clinical pharmacists in heart failure (HF) care.
  • To develop a standardized framework for HF pharmacy practice.
  • To provide clarity on the evolving role of pharmacists in managing heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • Expert consensus development involving a dedicated project group.
  • Comprehensive literature review of existing pharmacy competency frameworks and HF curricula.
  • Iterative consensus building through framework development, review, and adaptation.

Main Results:

  • A four-stage competency framework for heart failure pharmacists was established.
  • Stage 1: All pharmacists; Stage 2: Patient-facing clinical pharmacists; Stage 3: Pharmacists with planned HF roles; Stage 4: Specialist HF pharmacists.
  • The framework details minimum competencies across different levels of practice.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework is a crucial step towards standardizing heart failure care and pharmacist roles.
  • It provides a roadmap for pharmacists' career progression and continuing professional development.
  • Further collaboration is needed to create training programs and accreditation aligned with the framework.