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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

157.1K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
157.1K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.9K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.9K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.1K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.1K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.8K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.8K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

6.8K
6.8K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.0K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.0K

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A Translation Tuning HuDdle for Neurons.

Mary McMahon1, Davide Ruggero2

  • 1School of Medicine and Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Molecular Cell
|July 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The neuron-specific RNA-binding protein HuD regulates protein synthesis. Y3 small non-coding RNA interacts with HuD to control translation and neurogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • The neuron-specific RNA-binding protein HuD plays a critical role in neuronal development and function.
  • Regulation of protein synthesis is essential for neuronal plasticity and survival.
  • The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is a key regulator of cellular growth and protein synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of HuD in regulating global protein synthesis.
  • To identify specific transcripts regulated by HuD in neurons.
  • To explore the interaction between HuD and small non-coding RNAs in modulating translation and neurogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Western blotting to assess protein levels.
  • RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays to detect RNA-protein interactions.
  • Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure transcript levels.
  • Luciferase reporter assays to study translation efficiency.

Main Results:

  • HuD acts as a global regulator of protein synthesis in neurons.
  • HuD enhances the translation of specific mTORC1-responsive transcripts.
  • The Y3 small non-coding RNA directly binds to HuD.
  • Y3 RNA binding modulates HuD's translational regulatory activity, impacting neurogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • HuD is a key regulator of protein synthesis and mRNA translation in neurons.
  • The Y3 small non-coding RNA is a novel modulator of HuD function.
  • The HuD-Y3 RNA interaction is crucial for regulating translation and neurogenesis, highlighting a new layer of gene expression control in the nervous system.