Phenanthrene metabolites determination in human breast and cow milk by combining elution time-emission fluorescence...

Phenanthrene is the most released polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon into the environment by anthropogenic action. Because of the absorption and biotransformation pathways, this compound is metabolized and the most abundant metabolites are hydroxylated derivatives, such as 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, which are excreted through biological fluids, included mammals milk. For the resolution and quantitation of co-eluted analytes, elution time-emission fluorescence matrices were analysed with different second-order calibration algorithms: n-way and unfolded partial least squares, both coupled with residual bilinearization (N-PLS/RBL and U-PLS/RBL), and multivariate curve resolution-alternative least squares (MCR-ALS). Once optimized the chromatographic parameters, in isocratic mode, the elution time was of 5.5 min. The second-order data were obtained exciting at 250 nm, with an emission range from 330 to 430 nm, each 1 nm, and elution time from 0 to 5.5 min each 5.4 s. The ranges for the second-order multivariate methods in validation samples were from 1.0 to 9.0 ng mL^-1 for 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, and from 5.0 to 45.0 ng mL^-1 for 9-hydroxyphenanthrene. Root mean square errors of prediction between 0.45 and 1.82 ng mL^-1 (relative errors of prediction 7-22%) were obtained. The optimized procedures were applied in the analysis of human breast milk and in whole and semi-skimmed commercial cow milk. N-PLS/RBL and U-PLS/RBL algorithms show satisfactory results for the five metabolites with recoveries ranging between 82% and 115%.