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Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

The Hyoid Bone

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Dehydroepiandrosterone and Bone.

Shuanhu Zhou¹, Julie Glowacki²

¹Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.

Vitamins and Hormones

|July 22, 2018

Summary

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may treat bone diseases by reducing bone-loss signaling (IL-6) and promoting bone growth (IGF-I). This steroid hormone shows promise for improving bone health, especially with age-related decline.

Keywords:

Bone DHEA DHEAS IGF-I IL-6 MSCs Osteoblastogenesis Osteoporosis

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Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis

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Published on: September 4, 2012

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

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Published on: September 9, 2020

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Bone Biology
Gerontology

Background:

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester (DHEAS) are abundant adrenal steroids with wide-ranging effects.
Age-related decline in DHEA/DHEAS levels is linked to reduced bone mineral density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.
DHEA influences aging, metabolism, immunity, and neurological function, highlighting its systemic importance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of DHEA replacement therapy for improving bone health.
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which DHEA affects bone metabolism.
To compare DHEA's effects on bone cells with other steroid hormones.

Main Methods:

Analysis of clinical, epidemiological, and experimental data on DHEA and bone health.
In vitro studies using primary cultures of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).
Assessment of DHEA's effects on osteoblastogenesis, IGF-I gene expression, and IL-6 secretion in hMSCs.

Main Results:

DHEA stimulates osteoblastogenesis and IGF-I gene expression in hMSCs via specific signaling pathways (IGF-I receptor, PI3K, MAPK).
DHEA effectively inhibits the secretion of skeletal catabolic IL-6 from hMSCs, more so than estradiol or dihydrotestosterone.
DHEA replacement therapy shows potential benefits for bone health by modulating key anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Conclusions:

DHEA demonstrates anabolic effects on bone cells, promoting osteoblast differentiation and function.
DHEA's potent inhibition of IL-6 and stimulation of IGF-I suggest a dual mechanism for preserving bone health.
DHEA holds promise as a therapeutic agent for managing bone diseases like osteoporosis.