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Why does language not emerge until the second year?

Rhodri Cusack1, Conor J Wild2, Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza3

  • 1Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.

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|July 22, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infant language development is delayed not by immature brains, but by the time needed for auditory experience to build effective speech representations. This finding impacts infant education and clinical care.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Infants rapidly acquire language skills after their first year.
  • Evolutionary and machine learning hypotheses propose reasons for the delayed onset of language acquisition.
  • Previous research indicated early maturity of auditory pathways and cortex in infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the maturity of the infant speech perception network.
  • To determine if brain immaturity or the need for auditory experience explains the delayed onset of language skills.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure functional connectivity in speech networks.
  • Infants at 3 months (N=6) and 9 months (N=7) and adults (N=15) were studied.
  • Analysis focused on the functional connectivity within the speech processing network.

Main Results:

  • The speech network exhibits mature functional connectivity by 3 months of age in infants.
  • This suggests that the neural network for speech processing is ready before behavioral language acquisition begins.
  • Findings support the hypothesis that auditory experience is crucial for developing effective speech representations.

Conclusions:

  • The delay in language onset is attributed to the time required for developing representations through experience, not brain immaturity.
  • Implications for early intervention, clinical care, and educational strategies for infants are discussed.
  • Future research directions in language development are proposed based on these findings.