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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Detecting Estrogenic Ligands in Personal Care Products using a Yeast Estrogen Screen Optimized for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory
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Estrogen matters in metastasis.

Shardool Nair1, Geetanjali Sachdeva1

  • 1Primate Biology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.

Steroids
|July 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Estrogens may promote cancer metastasis independently of cell proliferation. This review explores how estrogens influence key steps in the metastatic cascade, offering new therapeutic targets for metastatic cancer.

Keywords:
AngiogenesisAnoikisERαERβEstrogenExtravasationIntravasationInvasionMetastasis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells, is responsible for over 90% of cancer mortality.
  • Estrogens are known to influence cancer development, particularly in breast and uterine cancers.
  • Emerging evidence suggests estrogens may play a role in cancer metastasis beyond their proliferative effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the role of estrogens in the metastatic cascade.
  • To explore how estrogens may modulate various stages of cancer cell metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Synthesis of data on estrogen's influence on metastatic events.

Main Results:

  • Estrogens show potential to modulate critical steps in metastasis, including invasion, intravasation, anoikis, immune evasion, extravasation, angiogenesis, and colonization.
  • The influence of estrogens on metastasis may be independent of their well-known role in cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogens are relevant signaling molecules that can facilitate cancer cell metastasis.
  • Targeting estrogen's role in metastasis may offer novel therapeutic strategies for incurable metastatic cancers.