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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
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Convenience Sampling Method00:55

Convenience Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is a non-random method of sample selection; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. For example, a marketing...
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Sampling Methods: Overview01:06

Sampling Methods: Overview

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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
In analytical chemistry, the choice of...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
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Stratified Sampling Method01:16

Stratified Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...
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Cluster Sampling Method01:20

Cluster Sampling Method

14.8K
Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...
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Standardized Method for Measuring Collection Efficiency from Wipe-sampling of Trace Explosives
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An economical and efficient method for postmortem DNA sampling in mass fatalities.

Amy Z Mundorff1, Sylvain Amory2, René Huel3

  • 1Department of Anthropology, 1621 Cumberland Avenue, 502A Strong Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1525, United States.

Forensic Science International. Genetics
|July 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Forensic DNA collection for mass fatality events is streamlined with a new method using DNA preservation cards. This efficient, inexpensive technique correlates body decomposition scores with DNA quality for reliable identification.

Keywords:
DNADecompositionHuman identificationSTR typingTotal body score (TBS)

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Disaster Victim Identification

Background:

  • Mass fatality events pose significant challenges for forensic identification due to the large number of deceased.
  • Traditional DNA analysis from postmortem samples can be labor-intensive and difficult, especially with degraded tissues.
  • Existing forensic laboratories require efficient and deployable methods for DNA sample collection and preservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an easily deployable, efficient, and inexpensive method for collecting postmortem DNA samples.
  • To assess the suitability of DNA preservation cards for forensic use under various postmortem intervals and environmental conditions.
  • To establish a correlation between body decomposition stage and DNA quality for mass fatality identification.

Main Methods:

  • A novel protocol involving swabbing incisions on cadavers and depositing samples onto commercially available DNA preservation cards (FTA® cards).
  • Samples were collected across different seasons to evaluate environmental impacts on DNA yield and degradation.
  • Body decomposition was assessed using the Total Body Score (TBS) method; DNA quality was evaluated via STR amplification and quantification.

Main Results:

  • The TBS score correlated well with DNA quantity, outperforming postmortem interval in predicting DNA quality.
  • A TBS of 15 or below consistently yielded strong partial or full DNA profiles (20 STR loci) from FTA® card samples.
  • The swabbing and FTA® card method proved simple, effective, and stable across various environmental conditions and postmortem intervals.

Conclusions:

  • Swabbing incisions and depositing samples onto FTA® cards is a practical and reliable method for postmortem DNA collection in mass fatality scenarios.
  • The TBS method provides a valuable field assessment tool to predict DNA sample quality for forensic practitioners.
  • This approach offers a beneficial integration into mass fatality response plans, enhancing identification efficiency.