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Related Concept Videos

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Corrosion02:49

Corrosion

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The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems
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Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

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Chromium.

John B Vincent1, Henry C Lukaski2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.

Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
|July 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Trivalent chromium

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chromium exists in biologically relevant oxidation states, with Cr(VI) being carcinogenic and trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) proposed as an essential element for mammals.
  • The essentiality of Cr(III) for mammalian metabolism, particularly its role in enhancing insulin efficacy for carbohydrate and lipid regulation, has been debated.
  • Dietary Cr(III) absorption is low (around 1%) and occurs via passive diffusion, with transport in the bloodstream bound to transferrin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the evidence for trivalent chromium as an essential element in mammalian metabolism.
  • To explore the proposed role of chromium in insulin action and glucose tolerance.
  • To address the limitations in establishing chromium deficiency and identifying reliable biomarkers.

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Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on chromium's biological roles and metabolic functions.
  • Analysis of studies investigating chromium's absorption, transport, and delivery mechanisms.
  • Examination of research attempts to establish chromium deficiency models and identify functional biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • No unambiguous animal model of chromium deficiency has been established.
  • The European Food Safety Authority found no convincing evidence for chromium's essentiality in 2014.
  • Attempts to identify a glucose tolerance factor have not yielded a chemically defined functional compound.

Conclusions:

  • The essentiality of trivalent chromium for mammals remains questionable due to a lack of definitive evidence and established deficiency models.
  • Current understanding of chromium's role in insulin action is limited by the absence of a confirmed biomarker and a defined glucose tolerance factor.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the nutritional status and physiological significance of chromium in human metabolism.