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Related Concept Videos

Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
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The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength02:18

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The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Multiplex Detection of Bacteria in Complex Clinical and Environmental Samples using Oligonucleotide-coupled Fluorescent Microspheres
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Sensitive multiplex detection of whole bacteria using self-assembled cell binding domain complexes.

Seok-Joon Kwon1, Domyoung Kim1, Inseon Lee2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|July 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel method for detecting bacterial pathogens using cell wall binding domains (CBDs). The technique achieves highly sensitive, multiplexed detection of bacteria, offering a rapid alternative to traditional DNA-based methods.

Keywords:
Bacillus anthracisCell wall binding domainListeria innocuaPolymerase chain reactionSelf-assemblyStaphylococcus aureus

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Accurate detection of low-level bacterial contamination is crucial for public health and industry.
  • Existing methods often require laborious DNA extraction, limiting speed and sensitivity.
  • Cell wall binding domains (CBDs) offer specific, avidity-driven bacterial cell surface binding as an alternative detection strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sensitive, multiplexed method for whole bacterial cell detection.
  • To utilize self-assembled cell wall binding domain (CBD) complexes for pathogen identification.
  • To compare the sensitivity of spectrophotometric and qPCR-based detection assays.

Main Methods:

  • Self-assembled complexes were formed using streptavidin (SA), biotinylated CBDs, and biotinylated reporters (glucose oxidase or DNA).
  • A 96-well plate sandwich assay with CBD-SA-glucose oxidase (GOx) complexes was used for spectrophotometric detection.
  • CBD-SA-DNA complexes coupled with quantitative PCR (qPCR) were employed for highly sensitive DNA barcode detection.

Main Results:

  • The CBD-SA-GOx method achieved a detection limit of >100 CFU/mL for multiplexed detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis-Sterne, and Listeria innocua.
  • The CBD-SA-DNA complex and qPCR approach significantly enhanced sensitivity, reaching 1-10 CFU/mL without cross-reactivity.
  • Both methods demonstrated effective detection of whole bacterial cells without prior lysis.

Conclusions:

  • Self-assembled CBD complexes provide a sensitive platform for multiplexed bacterial detection.
  • The CBD-SA-DNA-qPCR method offers a highly sensitive, rapid, and specific alternative to traditional bacterial detection techniques.
  • This approach holds potential for integration into point-of-care diagnostic tools for pathogen detection.