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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Related Experiment Video

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Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish
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[Severe acute alcoholic hepatitis].

Eric Nguyen-Khac1, Valérie Dejour2, Ruxandra Sarba2

  • 1CHU Amiens-Picardie, hôpital Sud, service hépato-gastroentérologie, 80054 Amiens, France; CHU Amiens, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé (CURS), Université de Picardie-Jules-Verne (UPJV), Groupe de recherche sur l'alcool et les pharmacodépendances (GRAP), Inserm U1247, Amiens, France.

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|July 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Severe alcoholic hepatitis requires prompt assessment with the Maddrey

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe liver disease.
  • Jaundice in chronic alcohol consumers indicates potential alcoholic hepatitis.
  • Accurate prognostic scoring is crucial for treatment decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and therapeutic approach for severe acute alcoholic hepatitis.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of different treatment strategies.
  • To assess the role of liver transplantation in non-responders.

Main Methods:

  • Assessment using Maddrey's score for severe acute alcoholic hepatitis.
  • Treatment with corticosteroids, nutritional support, and alcohol abstinence.
  • Combination therapy with corticosteroids and N-acetylcysteine.
  • Response evaluation using the Lille model at day 7.
  • Analysis of outcomes for liver transplantation in non-responders.

Main Results:

  • Corticosteroids are a first-line treatment.
  • Corticosteroids plus N-acetylcysteine improve short-term survival.
  • Lille model score ≤0.45 indicates treatment response.
  • Non-responders (Lille model >0.45) have poor prognosis (23% 6-month survival).
  • Early liver transplantation improves survival in selected non-responders.

Conclusions:

  • Maddrey's score is essential for assessing severe alcoholic hepatitis.
  • Combination therapy with corticosteroids and N-acetylcysteine is a viable first-line option.
  • Early liver transplantation offers improved survival for non-responders to corticosteroid therapy.