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What is an Ecosystem?01:17

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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity includes all branches of the evolutionary tree from single-celled prokaryotic organisms, bacteria, and archaea, to the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants; animals; fungi; and protists. To date, there have been about 1.75 million species identified, and new species are discovered every week.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey
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Ecosystem services in the Great Lakes.

Alan D Steinman1, Bradley J Cardinale2, Wayne R Munns3

  • 1Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA.

Journal of Great Lakes Research
|July 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A comprehensive inventory of Great Lakes ecosystem services is needed for informed management. Experts recommend coordinated data, trade-off analysis, and a dedicated institute to advance understanding and avoid past resource mistakes.

Keywords:
Ecosystem servicesLaurentian Great Lakesuse and non-use values

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Environmental Science
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • A comprehensive inventory of ecosystem services in the Great Lakes basin is currently lacking.
  • Past resource management decisions may have been misguided due to a lack of understanding of ecosystem services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the need for a coherent approach to ecosystem services in the Great Lakes.
  • To convene experts to discuss and identify key themes and recommendations for Great Lakes ecosystem services.

Main Methods:

  • Convened a summit of 28 experts from various social and natural sciences.
  • Facilitated discussions on ecosystem services in the Great Lakes.

Main Results:

  • Consensus on the desirability of a comprehensive ecosystem services inventory, requiring significant resources.
  • Identified the need for more intensive, coordinated spatial and temporal data collection.
  • Highlighted the importance of considering trade-offs in ecosystem services analyses.
  • Recommended the formation of a Great Lakes Institute for Ecosystem Services.

Conclusions:

  • A coordinated effort is crucial for advancing ecosystem services research and management in the Great Lakes.
  • Addressing data gaps and understanding trade-offs are essential for effective conservation.
  • An institute can serve as a vital hub for research, collaboration, and training.