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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation00:57

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High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
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Latest development of liquid biopsy.

Alvin Ho-Kwan Cheung1, Chit Chow1, Ka-Fai To1

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Liquid biopsy offers a non-invasive method for cancer detection and monitoring using body fluids. Advances in molecular techniques enhance its accuracy, though further clinical validation is needed for widespread use.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Liquid biopsy analyzes cancer markers in body fluids, offering a less invasive alternative to traditional tissue biopsies.
  • Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and extracellular vesicles are key targets in liquid biopsy.
  • Liquid biopsy is advantageous due to its non-invasive nature, safety, repeatability, and potential to represent tumor heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the concept and clinical applications of liquid biopsy.
  • To discuss the advancements in molecular techniques used for liquid biopsy analysis.
  • To highlight the potential and limitations of liquid biopsy in cancer diagnostics and management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on liquid biopsy techniques and applications.
  • Discussion of molecular technologies including PCR, DNA sequencing, digital PCR, and next-generation sequencing (NGS).
  • Analysis of the role of liquid biopsy in cancer diagnosis, monitoring, resistance detection, and screening.

Main Results:

  • Liquid biopsy shows promise for early cancer detection, disease monitoring, and identifying resistance mutations.
  • Advanced molecular techniques significantly improve the accuracy and sensitivity of liquid biopsy tests.
  • Circulating cell-free DNA may offer a more comprehensive picture of tumor heterogeneity than tissue biopsies.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid biopsy is a rapidly evolving field with significant potential in oncology.
  • Further clinical validation is required to establish the full clinical utility of various liquid biopsy tests.
  • Continued advancements in molecular technology will likely expand the applications of liquid biopsy in cancer care.