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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs
Published on: July 27, 2022
Mechanochemical preparation of kaempferol intermolecular complexes for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability
Wenhao Xu1, Murong Wen1, Jingbo Yu1
1a National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China.
Abstract:
In this study, complexes of kaempferol (KF) with polysaccharide arabinogalactan (AG) and disodium glycyrrhizinate (Na2GA) were prepared through mechanochemical technique to improve the solubility and bioavailability of KF. The physicochemical properties and the interactions of KF with AG/Na2GA were investigated through dissolution, SEM, XRD, and DSC studies. The reduction of particle sizes and destruction of crystal forms revealed the formation of solid dispersion which may have assisted the dissolution of the drug. The accelerated stability study showed higher stability for KF-Na2GA complex. In vivo pharmacokinetic study was performed to observe the plasma drug concentrations for KF complexes. Mechanochemical complexation of KF with AG/Na2GA improved the pharmacological activity as evident by the inhibitory potential of the complexes towards carbohydrate metabolic enzymes. In vivo studies were performed in STZ-induced diabetic mice, where the group treated with KF-AG complex showed better liver and kidney function and lower blood glucose levels than pure KF. Therefore, mechanochemical complexes of KF with polysaccharide or glycyrrhizate may serve as a promising formulation for the treatment of diabetes.
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
Intermolecular Forces

